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Anencephaly is one of the most common birth defects. This was a hospital-based case finding study that covered 60 patients with anencephaly & their respective mothers, conducted in hospitals in Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute from 2014 to 2017.METHODSThe study included 60 anencephalic foetuses (23 males & 37 females) of 20-30 weeks & 20 non-anencephalic foetuses (9 males & 11 females). Maternal history was analysed using a questionnaire which includes age factor, environmental factors, medications, family history, consanguineous marriage and febrile illness during pregnancy. The foetuses were examined for external abnormalities & dissected. Dissected foetal cerebrum & cerebellum tissues were processed & stained with H&E using tissue processor.RESULTSIn 100% of cases, all layers of cerebrum & cerebellum of non-anencephalic foetuses were normal. In anencephalic foetuses, cerebrum in 75% cases showed primitive brain cells, astrocytes & glial cells, instead of 5 layers which was described in checklist & in 25 % cases angiomatous masses were seen but primitive brain cells & astrocytes were absent. 91.7% cases of anencephalic foetal cerebellum had 5 cell stages which were the same as non-anencephalic foetuses & 8.3% cases had all the layers but ill formed granular layer. Most of the organs were normally developed. Associated anomalies were also noticed in 70% of cases.CONCLUSIONSThe study emphasizes the complexity of the aetiology behind anencephaly, variability of its presentation & yet unsatisfactory awareness among mothers about folic acid & its beneficial role in preventing anencephaly.
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Introduction: Anencephaly accounts for one of the most common birth defects & is associated with a highmortality & morbidity. The objective was to determine frequency of anencephaly and its associated anomalies,risk factors, clinical presentations & assess maternal awareness on folic acid supplementation and its preventiverole in occurrence of anencephaly.Materials and Methods: The study includes 60 anencephalic fetuses (23 males & 37 females) of 20-30 weeks. Thefetuses were examined for external abnormalities & dissected. Measurements of crown heel, crown rump, headcircumference, foot length, & weight were taken. All the major organs were weighed & data recorded. The sampleswere fixed with 10% buffered formaldehyde. The internal anomalies were noted.Results: The number of deliveries was 57429 deliveries. 23(38.4%) were males & 37(61.6%) were females. Thefrequency of anencephaly in 2014 was 15134/9 (0.06%), in 2015 16361/21 (0.13%). Weight of 40% were <500gms,35% were between 500-1000gms & 25% <1000. Maternal age in 83.4% were 21-35 years, in <20 years & >40 yearswere 1.6% & in 36-40 years were 13.4%. Associated anomalies were present in 42 (70%) fetuses. Out of 42fetuses, those who had associated anomalies were 17 (40.4%) males and 25 (59.6%) were females. All the fetuseshad Acrania (100%) & 19 (45.3%) fetuses had spina bifida; there were no anomalies found in reproductivesystem.
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Background: Knowledge of coronary preponderance is important to understand coronary artery diseases, interpret the findings and plan the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. It influences the amount and anatomic location of myocardium that is perfused by the left or right coronary circulation. The aim of the present study is to observe the origin of posterior interventricular artery which determines the coronary preponderance or dominance. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 50 formalin fixed adult heart specimens in the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute irrespective of age, sex, socio-economic status, religion and education status. The coronary arteries were examined by gross dissection and analyzed statistically. Results: Right preponderance was seen in 31(62%) hearts, left preponderance in 11 (22%) hearts and balanced or codominance was seen in 8(16%) hearts. Discussion: The coronary artery dominance has an important clinical significance.Most of the studies have reported a higher percentage of right preponderance including the present study. Results of the present study was compared statistically with the study done by Hirak Das et al (n=70). On comparison right dominance was statistically insignificant ( z = 0.91, p = 0.36 ), left dominance was statistically insignificant ( z = 0.46 , p = 0.64), and balanced pattern was also statistically insignificant ( z = 0.82 , p = 0.41 ) Conclusion: The present study on coronary dominance would be of use to the cardiologist and interventional radiologist to predefine the abnormalities by invasive and non invasive studies.
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Background: The study of superficial palmar arch and its variations has been reported rarely. The purpose of the study is to provide assessment of anatomical variations in the formation of superficial palmar arch in hand. A classic superficial palmar arch is formed by direct communication between the superficial branch of the ulnar artery and superficial branch of radial artery. Materials and Methods: Twenty dissected upper limb specimens, out of which 16 males and 4 females aged between 18 – 75years were obtained from Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore. The vascular pattern of superficial palmar arch was recorded. Results and Discussion: The complete and incomplete formation of the superficial palmar arch was found in 19 and 1 hands respectively. This indicates that the incidences of complete and incomplete formation of superficial palmar arch are 95% and 5% respectively. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the incomplete formation of superficial palmar arch will lead to ischemia or poor nourishment of intrinsic muscles of the hand.
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The ulnar nerve arises from the medial cord (C8, T1);medial cord also receives fibres from the ventral ramus of C7. Lesions of the ulnar nerve occur behind the medial epicondyle & in the cubital tunnel. When muscles are affected due to ulnar nerve dysfunction, there is ulnar neuropathy at the shoulder, arm & elbow. The study was done on 50 embalmed human cadavers (25 right & 25 left) of both sexes of South Indian adult population obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore. Variations in the ulnar nerve in its presence, origin, relations, distribution & communications were observed. Ulnar nerve was present in all 50 upper limb specimens (100%). Ulnar nerve originated from the medial cord of the brachial plexus in 49 cases (98%). In 1 case (2%), the ulnar nerve received C7 fibers from lateral cord i.e. the lateral root of the median nerve and then later fused with the median root of the median nerve. In 49 specimens (98%) ulnar nerve took origin from the tip of the acromion processes. In 1 case (2%) it took origin from distal to the tip of the acromion process. 49 specimens (98%) showed the normal course, i.e. medial to axillary & brachial artery. 1 case (2%) showed ulnar nerve present anterior to the third part of the axillary artery and brachial artery. In the midarm it passed medially as a normal course, then runs distally through the cubital tunnel. The awareness of these variations along the normal pattern are helpful for the interventional radiologists, orthopaedicians and neurologists in preventing untoward iatrogenic injury to the ulnar nerve during radiological procedures or operating on fractured patients or diagnostic therapy.
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The objective of this study was to document and explain bilateral differences in the Q angle. Two hundred limbs of healthy adult Indian volunteers were studied. The Q angle was measured using a goniometric method with the subjects supine, quadriceps relaxed and lower limbs in neutral rotation. The relative lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity with respect to the centre of the patella was measured. Appropriate statistical tests were used to determine the bilateral variability in the Q angle and the lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity. Inter-observer variation of the above mentioned parameters were studied in twenty limbs. The average Q angle value of all the 200 limbs was 12.73 °C; the mean value on the right was 12.86 °C and 12.60 °C on the left. When the Q angle and the lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity were considered in pairs a significant difference was noted in males. The Q angle value on the right side was more often greater than the left. The relative lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity showed a significant positive correlation with the Q angle. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.66 for the Q angle and 0.8 for the lateral placement of the tibial tuberosity. The present study shows that bilateral variability in the Q angle could be attributed to an alteration of the relative placement of the tibial tuberosity with respect to the centre of the patella
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Down syndrome (DS) is a condition in which the genes on chromosome 21 occur in three copies. This is supposed to influence the growth in the tissues of the body and this could lead to a decreased mitotic index. In view of this, the present investigation was carried out using peripheral lymphocyte culture to find out whether there is a change in mitotic index in DS patients. Mitotic index in male and female patients was reduced to an average of 3.64 and 3.82 respectively. Thus, the index could be an indicator of the reduced immunological status of the individual with DS.
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The parents of 130 Down Syndrome (DS) females aged 15 to 40 years were requested to pen the information about the menstrual cycle details. Only 10 responded to the request. In view of the absence of information on DS in India regarding menstrual history, the present investigation has been undertaken. It has given the following observations: The axillary and pubic hair is present in most of the females. Most of them have a normal voice. As for the menstrual history, the age of onset of menstruation was at an average age of 15.5 years, the previous and the present menstrual history are normal in most of them. None of the females have pain during menstruation, premenstrual tension or mid menstrual pain or spotting. Most of them need help in changing sanitary pads. One has been hysterectomized. Hence, appropriate regular gynecological care is emphasized.